詳細(xì)介紹
威格士柱塞泵是往復(fù)泵的一種,屬于體積泵,其柱塞靠泵軸的偏心轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)驅(qū)動(dòng),往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng),其吸入和排出閥都是單向閥。當(dāng)柱塞外拉時(shí),工作室內(nèi)壓力降低,出口閥關(guān)閉,低于進(jìn)口壓力時(shí),進(jìn)口閥打開,液體進(jìn)入;柱塞內(nèi)推時(shí),工作室壓力升高,進(jìn)口閥關(guān)閉,高于出口壓力時(shí),出口閥打開,液體排出。帶滑靴結(jié)構(gòu)的軸向柱塞泵是目前使用zui廣泛的軸向柱塞泵,安放在缸體中的柱塞通過(guò)滑靴與斜盤相接觸,當(dāng)傳動(dòng)軸帶動(dòng)缸體旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),斜盤將柱塞從缸體中拉出或推回,完成吸排油過(guò)程。柱塞與缸孔組成的工作容腔中的油液通過(guò)配油盤分別與泵的吸、排油腔相通。變量機(jī)構(gòu)用來(lái)改變斜盤的傾角,通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)斜盤的傾角可改變泵的排量。
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威格士柱塞泵的維護(hù):
斜盤式軸向柱塞泵一般采用缸體轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)、端面配流的形式。缸體端面上鑲有一塊由雙金屬板與鋼配油盤組成的摩擦副,而且大多數(shù)是采用平面配流的方法,所以維修比較方便。配油盤是軸向柱塞泵的關(guān)鍵部件之一,泵工作時(shí),一方面工作腔的高壓油把缸體推向配油盤,另一方面配油盤和缸體間的油膜壓力形成對(duì)缸體的液壓反推力使缸體背離配油盤。缸體對(duì)配油盤的設(shè)計(jì)液壓壓緊力Fn略大于配油盤對(duì)缸體的液壓反推力Ff,即Fn/Ff=1.05~1.1,使泵工作正常并保持較高的容積效率。 實(shí)際上,由于油液的污染,往往使配油盤與缸體之間產(chǎn)生輕微磨損。
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威格士液壓柱塞泵靠氣壓供油的液壓油箱,在每次啟動(dòng)機(jī)器后,必須等液壓漬箱達(dá)到使用氣壓后,才能操作機(jī)械。直軸斜盤式柱塞泵分為壓力供油型的自吸油型兩種。壓力供油型液壓泵大都采用有氣壓的油箱,也有液壓泵本身帶有補(bǔ)油分泵向液壓泵進(jìn)油口提供壓力油的。自吸油型液壓泵的自吸油能力很強(qiáng),無(wú)需外力供油。對(duì)于自吸油型柱塞泵,液壓油箱內(nèi)的油液不得低于油標(biāo)下限,要保持足夠數(shù)量的液壓油。液壓油的清潔度越高,液壓泵的使用壽命越長(zhǎng)。
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VICKERS軸向柱塞泵是活塞或柱塞的往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)方向與缸體中心軸平行的柱塞泵。軸向柱塞泵是利用與傳動(dòng)軸平行的柱塞在柱塞孔內(nèi)往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)所產(chǎn)生的容積變化來(lái)進(jìn)行工作的。由于柱塞和柱塞孔都是圓形零件,加工時(shí)可以達(dá)到很高的精度配合,因此容積效率高,運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)平穩(wěn),流量均勻性好,噪聲低,工作壓力高等優(yōu)點(diǎn),但對(duì)液壓油的污染較敏感,結(jié)構(gòu)較復(fù)雜,造價(jià)較高。
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威格士柱塞泵常見故障處理:
1.柱塞泵輸出流量不足或不輸出油液
(1)吸入量不足。原因是吸油管路上的阻力過(guò)大或補(bǔ)油量不足。如泵的轉(zhuǎn)速過(guò)大,油箱中液面過(guò)低,進(jìn)油管漏氣,濾油器堵塞等。
(2)泄漏量過(guò)大。原因是泵的間隙過(guò)大,密封不良造成。如配油盤被金屬碎片、鐵屑等劃傷,端面漏油;變量機(jī)構(gòu)中的單向閥密封面配合不好,泵體和配油盤的支承面有砂眼或研痕等??梢酝ㄟ^(guò)檢查泵體內(nèi)液壓油中混雜的異物判別泵被損壞的部位。
(3)傾斜盤傾角太小,泵的排量少,這需要調(diào)節(jié)變量活塞,增加斜盤傾角。
2.中位時(shí)排油量不為零 變量式軸向柱塞泵的斜盤傾角為零時(shí)稱為中位,此時(shí)泵的輸出流量應(yīng)為零。但有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)中位偏離調(diào)整機(jī)構(gòu)中點(diǎn)的現(xiàn)象,在中點(diǎn)時(shí)仍有流量輸出。其原因是控制器的位置偏離、松動(dòng)或損傷,需要重新調(diào)零、緊固或更換。泵的角度維持力不夠、傾斜角耳軸磨損也會(huì)產(chǎn)生這種現(xiàn)象。
3.輸出流量波動(dòng) 輸出流量波動(dòng)與很多因素有關(guān)。對(duì)變量泵可以認(rèn)為是變量機(jī)構(gòu)的控制不佳造成,如異物進(jìn)入變量機(jī)構(gòu),在控制活塞上劃出階痕、磨痕、傷痕等,造成控制活塞運(yùn)動(dòng)不穩(wěn)定。由于放大器能量不足或零件損壞、含有彈簧的控制活塞的阻尼器效能差,都會(huì)造成控制活塞運(yùn)動(dòng)不穩(wěn)定。流量不穩(wěn)定又往往伴隨著壓力波動(dòng)。這類故障一般要拆開液壓泵,更換受損零部件,加大阻尼,提高彈簧剛度和控制壓力等。
4.輸出壓力異常 泵的輸出壓力是由負(fù)載決定的,與輸入轉(zhuǎn)矩近似成正比。輸出壓力異常有兩種故障。
(1)輸出壓力過(guò)低 當(dāng)泵在自吸狀態(tài)下,若進(jìn)油管路漏氣或系統(tǒng)中液壓缸、單向閥、換向閥等有較大的泄漏,均會(huì)使壓力升不上去。這需要找出漏氣處,緊固、更換密封件,即可提高壓力。溢流閥有故障或調(diào)整壓力低,系統(tǒng)壓力也上不去,應(yīng)重新調(diào)整壓力或檢修溢流閥。如果液壓泵的缸體與配流盤產(chǎn)生偏差造成大量泄漏,嚴(yán)重時(shí),缸體可能破裂,則應(yīng)重新研磨配合面或更換液壓泵。
(2)輸出壓力過(guò)高 若回路負(fù)載持續(xù)上升,泵的壓力也持續(xù)上升,當(dāng)屬正常。若負(fù)載一定,泵的壓力超過(guò)負(fù)載所需壓力值,則應(yīng)檢查泵以外的液壓元件,如方向閥、壓力閥、傳動(dòng)裝置和回油管道。若zui大壓力過(guò)高,應(yīng)調(diào)整溢流閥。
5.振動(dòng)和噪聲 振動(dòng)和噪聲是同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的。它們不僅對(duì)機(jī)器的操作者造成危害,也對(duì)環(huán)境造成污染。
(1)機(jī)械振動(dòng)和噪聲 如泵軸和電機(jī)軸不同心或頂死,旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的軸承、聯(lián)軸節(jié)損傷,彈性墊破損和裝配螺栓松動(dòng)均會(huì)產(chǎn)生噪聲。對(duì)于高速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)或傳輸大能量的泵,要定期檢查,記錄各部件的振幅、頻率和噪聲。如泵的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)頻率與壓力閥的固有頻率相同時(shí),將會(huì)引起共振,可改變泵的轉(zhuǎn)速以消除共振。
(2)管道內(nèi)液流產(chǎn)生的噪聲 進(jìn)油管道太細(xì)、進(jìn)油濾油器通流能力過(guò)小或堵塞、進(jìn)油管吸入空氣、油液豁度過(guò)高、油面過(guò)低吸油不足和高壓管道中產(chǎn)生液擊等,均會(huì)產(chǎn)生噪聲。因此,必須正確設(shè)計(jì)油箱,正確選擇濾油器、油管和方向閥。
6.威格士柱塞泵過(guò)熱 液壓泵過(guò)度發(fā)熱有兩個(gè)原因,一是機(jī)械摩擦生熱。由于運(yùn)動(dòng)表面處于干摩擦或半干摩擦狀態(tài),運(yùn)動(dòng)部件相互摩擦生熱。二是液體摩擦生熱。高壓油通過(guò)各種縫隙泄漏到低壓腔,大量的液壓能損失轉(zhuǎn)為熱能。所以正確選擇運(yùn)動(dòng)部件之間的間隙、油箱容積和冷卻器,可以杜絕泵的過(guò)度發(fā)熱和油溫過(guò)高的現(xiàn)象。另外,回油過(guò)濾器堵塞造成回油背壓過(guò)高,也會(huì)引起油溫過(guò)高和泵體過(guò)熱。
7.漏油 柱塞泵漏油主要有以下原因:(1)主軸油封損壞或軸有缺陷、劃痕;(2)內(nèi)部泄漏過(guò)大,造成油封處壓力增大,而將油封損傷或沖出;(3)泄油管過(guò)細(xì)過(guò)長(zhǎng),使密封處漏油;(4)泵的外接油管松動(dòng),管接頭損傷,密封墊老化或產(chǎn)生裂紋;(5)變量調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)螺栓松動(dòng),密封破損;(6)鑄鐵泵殼有砂眼或焊接不良。